Dr. Maya Cantu
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3. Brad and the Bard

4/23/2022

 
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In the dust-jacket marketing for Ropes's 1932 novel 42nd Street, publisher Alfred H. King touted the book: "42nd Street is a great novel of the American theater, epic in scope, profound in insight, and enormously rich in the pageantry of its detail.... Shakespeare's dictum is reversed, for here the stage is a world. Showfolks run their little courses, become names in lights or drunken figures in alleways; but the show rumbles on with a sort of Olympian inevitability. "
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Nobody would have appreciated the allusion to Jaques's As You Like It "seven ages of man" speech more than Ropes himself. In the first chapter of Greasepaint Puritan (in which I will fully cite the sources previewed here), I discuss Ropes's passionate and precocious love for Shakespeare's plays. As a youth, Ropes clearly gravitated toward not only the magical, but the metatheatrical, aspects of so many of the Bard's works. One of his earliest theatrical efforts drew from A Midsummer Night's Dream and Ropes wove Shakespearean allusions and resonances into all four of his backstage novels (also including Stage Mother, Go Into Your Dance, and the Boston-set Mr. Tilley Takes a Walk).

"At the age of seven, his favorite author was Shakespeare," revealed one profile, and another one elaborated: "When he was only eight, he started to rewrite Shakespeare in his own words!" 


Another source revealed: “One of his former schoolmates…tells us how precocious and intense he was in his early interest in the drama and in the stage generally. Before he was 7 years old he had read all the plays of Shakespeare…. He had all the temperament that traditionally accompanies genius and if his audience was not duly appreciative of his rendition of Hamlet, for example, he did not hesitate to hurl a brick at it, or any other handy missile.” (Later on, hurling a self-deprecating brick backward in time at himself, Ropes satirized arrogant wunderkinds in the screenplay of his hilarious 1941 self-reflexive Hollywood  comedy, Glamour Boy).

Did Ropes really read all 37+ plays by William Shakespeare by the age of 7? It's easy to sniff hyperbole in this account. Nevertheless, it's clear that at the age of the "whining school-boy," Ropes had started to read voraciously through the words of Shakespeare--and that the Bard's vision of the world as one of messy, multitudinous, sometimes Machiavellian theatricality formatively inspired Ropes in his later conception of 42nd Street. "That's entertainment," indeed. 
Pictured above: Pierre-Emile Jeannest, "Child from Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man," c. 1850

2. The Films of Bradford Ropes: "True to the Army" (1942)

4/10/2022

 
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Florida-born Judy Canova occupied a unique niche at Republic Pictures, where, known as "Queen of the Hillbillies" and "The Ozark Nightingale," she starred in a string of eccentric comedies with titles like Puddin' Head, Sis Hopkins, The WAC from Walla Walla, and Singin' in the Corn. As her biography on TCM.com describes her, Canova played the same basic character, in film and on radio and television, "throughout much of her career: a man-chaser in pigtails, dressed in oversized ankle boots, bobby sox, short plain skirt, checkered blouse and straw hat who was given to produce an 'ear-bursting yodel."
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​Canova may have played decade-long variations of her rambunctious "Judy" character, but she was also a skillful, appealing vocalist and physical comedienne who could adapt herself to multiple genres....even a wartime backstage musical complete with drag-extravaganza finale. In 1942, she appeared on loan to Paramount in True to the Army (directed by Arthur S. Rogell), for which Bradford Ropes co-wrote the screenplay with Art Arthur, working with adaptors Edmund L. Hartmann and Val Burton, as well as composer Harold Spina and lyricist Frank Loesser (this was eight years before Broadway's Guys and Dolls--and it's a fun discovery that the nightclub in True to the Army is called "the Hot House"). The team based the screenplay upon Edward Hope's novel She Loves Me Not, which Howard Lindsay transformed into a hit 1933 play about a cabaret showgirl who, witnessing a mob murder, disguises herself as a male student at Princeton. The play had previously been adapted into a 1934 Paramount film starring Miriam Hopkins as the on-the-run dancer. 
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In True to the Army, Ropes and his collaborators retained the gangster-dodging gender-bending of the source Lindsay play. But they moved the action to the  fictional Fort Bray army base, where Canova's Daisy Hawkins, a tightrope walker who loves to sing about "The Spangles on My Tights," witnesses a mob hit at the circus. She seeks refuge at the strictly women-forbidden Fort Bray, where her boyfriend, Private J. Wethersby "Pinky" Fothergill (Jerry Colonna), trains carrier pigeons. Pinky is also rehearsing magic tricks in the morale-boosting army revue, Swing in Line, directed by "Broadway Bill" Chandler (Allen Jones): "the bad boy of the musical comedy stage." When Daisy arrives in her circus garb at Fort Bray, she's mistaken for one of the GIs-turned-female impersonators in the show. "That one can't even walk like a woman," Chandler exclaims at her audition. But he's soon dazzled by Daisy's charisma and coloratura yodel.

Victor/Victoria-style hijinks ensue. When Chandler learns Daisy is "first a girl," he and Pinky devise a disguise: she'll cut her hair, dress in army uniform, and impersonate a soldier named Private Omstuck ("I'm stuck," Daisy drawls in frustration, when asked for her alter ego's name). As Daisy/Omstuck runs between rehearsal,  out-sharp-shooting her fellow soldiers on the firing range, and lying low from the mob, Chandler pursues a romance with Vicki Marlow (Ann Miller), the defiant tap-dancing daughter of Fort Bray's commanding officer. "You're sable and silk, top drawer, Phi Beta Tappa," Chandler gushes to Vicki, who, as played by Miller, taps up a storm in two numbers: a patriotic tap reveille and "Jitterbug Lullaby." 
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Miller and Jones provide the requisite core of hetero-romance in the film. But just as Ropes had queered the Western genre with 1940's Melody Ranch (as I wrote about in my previous entry), here he fully embraces the potential of both the drag farce (e.g. Charley's Aunt; She Loves Me Not) and the all-male army revue to disrupt gender norms. Canova's film persona, too, invited this kind of subversion of bourgeois femininity: her raucous, freewheeling young mountain women can do anything men can do better, anticipating a line of tomboy heroines like Annie Oakley in Annie Get Your Gun (1946), and the title character of Calamity Jane (1953), starring Doris Day. Ropes also incorporate subtle suggestions of same-sex attraction into the screenplay. In one later scene in True to the Army, Daisy/Private Omstuck's soldier comrades prevail upon her to join them at the Hot House. At first, Daisy is reluctant to dance with Mary Treen's bobby-soxer Mae--but the two get close on the dance floor with a feverish jitterbug (though Mae's attraction to Omstuck dampens when she sees the GI applying powder at the table).
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Ropes and his collaborators--writing for the always-risqué Paramount during the era of Rosie the Riveter--may have managed to dance around Hays Code censorship in their dialogue by suggesting Daisy's ultimate stability within heteronormative femininity; her masquerade as Private Omstuck will come to an end and she'll marry Colonna, her faithful pop-eyed "pigeoneer." Yet, first Omstuck will stop the show as the star female female-impersonator of Swing in Line, which climaxes with the eye-popping "Wacky for Khaki:" a drag fashion extravaganza with lyrics by Loesser. 

The number is not the only movie army-show drag number of its period, when cross-dressed all-male shows were a staple of WWII military bases. Irving Berlin's This is the Army moved from Broadway in 1942 to a hit film version in 1943. Yet what distinguishes True to the Army is not only the lack of ridicule directed at the female impersonators in the "Wacky for Khaki" number as "men in dresses" (compare this to the "Ladies of the Chorus" number in This is the Army)--it's also the sheer pleasure and ease that the performers exude as they strut and pose in their gowns, dancing with both Canova's khaki-clad Private Omstuck and with the masculine soldiers who serenade her. Canova sings: 


I just came to the fashion show to see the latest styles,
To watch the gorgeous models parade around for miles. 
In silks and satins and velveteen and wool, 
In polka dots and stripes and all that kind of thing,
But I don't see a sample of the very latest fashion
​That fills my heart with patriotic passion. 

I'm wacky for khaki and tan-brown belts
When I need a soldier, my heart just melts.
I'm one of those gluttons for buttons that shine--
Oh Captain, Captain, Captain, be my valentine. 

I'm wacky for  khaki, I'll say that twice. 
It scratches a little, but it scratches so nice. 
Oh, Captain, Captain, Captain, just look or I'll fall. 
Cause I'm wacky for khaki, that's all. 

Chorus: She's wacky for khaki.
Canova: Not tweed, not serge.
It's khaki, by cracky, that gives me the urge.
The stripes on the shoulders, they set me aflame. 
Why sure I'll marry you, Lieutenant, what's your name. 

Chorus: She's wacky for khaki. 
Canova: I've gone with marines and with sailors in blue.
But don't you worry, I'll be true to Company B.

Chorus: Cause she's wacky for khaki.
Canova: That's me!

The whole delightful number can be viewed in its entirety on YouTube. 
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While not a hidden masterpiece of the movie musical, the out-of-print True to the Army certainly deserves a re-issue and a wider viewership. The film demonstrates once again Ropes's versatility and dexterity with movie musical comedies and, particularly, backstage stories with queer themes and subtexts. In Ropes's expansive world, a cowboy or a captain might be a chorus girl--and those who go "wacky for khaki" might also go wild over the spangles on their tights. 

1. Announcing "The World of Bradford Ropes:" Four Essential Films of Ropes as Screenwriter

4/3/2022

 
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My book-in-progress, under its working title Greasepaint Puritan: Boston to 42nd Street in the Gay Backstage Novels of Bradford Ropes, is currently in the works. In the spirit of Julian Marsh doing a show, I'm excited to start a blog! 

In Greasepaint Puritan, I'll recount the untold story of Ropes, the enigmatic author of the original 1932 novel 42nd Street, as he moved between "Proper Boston" and naughty, bawdy 42nd Street; American vaudeville, the European variety stage and Hollywood films; and from the worlds of dance and theater to popular fiction, as the writer of four wildly entertaining novels, "
embellished with the pungent aphorisms of Times Square," all of which provide candid and colorful views of working backstage, with a particular focus on the lives and relationships of gay men, and the on- and offstage roles of women. These are: 42nd Street (the source of the legendary 1933 Warner Brothers film, and 1980 Broadway musical); Stage Mother (1933); Go Into Your Dance (1934) and the later Mr. Tilley Takes a Walk (1951).

In later entries in "The World of Bradford Ropes," I'll go beyond the pages of my book to share selections of my archival research about Ropes; his friends, inspirations and collaborators; and the worlds of show business among which he so fluidly danced. This research process has spanned the last four years and I've found considerably more than I'll be able to include in the book. I highly recommend Richard Brody's 2020 essay "What to Read and Stream: The Remarkable Out-of-Print Book That Inspired 42nd Street" as an excellent introduction to Ropes's source novel. 

The best way to get to know Ropes's slangy and acerbic voice is through his novels (two of which, 42nd Street and Go Into Your Dance, have recently re-appeared in print). But he also worked in Hollywood from 1933 through 1950, as contracted with Republic Studios but also freelancing with MGM, Paramount, and more. Ropes wrote or co-wrote the screenplays for over three dozen films: ranging from musicals; to slapstick comedies (starring both Abbott and Costello, and Laurel and Hardy); to singing-cowboy westerns starring Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, to even a few film noirs. Ropes was a deft, versatile scenarist and screenwriter, who wrote in all kinds of collaborative configurations and contexts--but the best Ropes screenplays are the ones in which he took the lead in writing the dialogue, which is consistently witty and pungent, in films filled with self-reflexive show business satire, some with a surprisingly modern flavor. Though most of these are currently not streaming and somewhat hard to get, they are well-worth seeking out (I've used retailers like Zeus DVDs for the more obscure ones). Here are my recommendations for a few of the most exemplary Ropes screenplays:


1) Stage Mother (1933; MGM); directed by Charles Brabin

Working with John Meehan, Ropes adapted his own novel for MGM, in a big-budget musical melodrama starring Alice Brady as the title character Kitty Lorraine and Maureen O'Sullivan as her talented but stage-shy daughter Shirley, hurled into show business by her indomitable mother (sound familiar?). The source of the Freed-Brown standard "Beautiful Girl" (more famous from Singin' in the Rain), Stage Mother shows Ropes adapting his novel with a considerable degree of fidelity to the book--though its Hollywood ending grants the title character a redemption that remains much more elusive in the novel. Brady lends nuance and grandeur, ferocity and tenderness, to her psychologically astute performance as Kitty in a film also featuring Franchot Tone, Phillips Holmes, Ted Healy (of the Three Stooges), and Jay Eaton as a fey dance instructor. 

2) Glamour Boy (1941; Paramount); directed by Ralph Murphy

Other than Stage Mother, Glamour Boy is the Ropes screenplay that most directly channels his novelistic voice: it's a tart, hilarious and affecting meta-satire in which the 18-year-old Jackie Cooper, playing a washed-up child star named Tiny Barlow, coaches Dickens-quoting radio whiz kid Billy Doran (Darryl Hickman) to star at Marathon Studios in a remake of his biggest hit: Skippy. Paramount re-used footage of Cooper's own famous early-Depression blockbuster, while allowing Ropes and collaborators Val Burton and F. Hugh Herbert to skewer the commodification of its child stars and Hollywood sentimentality in its many forms. Cooper is appealingly game as Tiny, and Edith Meiser wonderful as movie-mogul Gal Friday Jenny Sullivan, in a comedy that will appeal to fans of contemporary show-biz satires like "Flack" and "The Other Two."

3) Melody Ranch (1940; Republic); directed by Joseph Santley

The singing-cowboy western was a mainstay of Ropes's home studio of Republic--but only Melody Ranch unleashes the vaudevillian chaos of Jimmy Durante upon the Arizona town of Torpedo, and the charms of Ann Miller into the somewhat wooden arms of Gene Autry. The latter plays a fictionalized version of himself: a cowboy radio star, who, returning to his hometown to accept the role of honorary sheriff for the Frontier Days Celebration, remains behind to rid the town of racketeers. Broadway musical comedies like Whoopee! and Girl Crazy had previously blended New York city slickers and bronco busters; the sensibility of New York immigrant comedy and western tropes. Here, Ropes (working with co-writers Jack Moffitt and F. Hugh Herbert) takes pleasure in satirizing and queering the genre's machismo. 
At a town reception, an eccentric young townswoman named Veronica Whipple (played by brassy comedienne Barbara Jo Allen) welcomes Autry back to Torpedo with a light verse:   

Here’s to our wondrous Torpedo
Neath shining hills and grassy…meedow.
I love it here in the Old Far West
Of the rest of the world I am wearied
Yes, it’s wonderful here in the Old Far West
Where women are women, and men are…period.  

Mary Lee, Republic's answer to the young Judy Garland (and a superb, underrated singer), belts "Torpedo Joe," a song (with music by Jule Styne) loaded with censor-defying camp double entendres, leading Whipple to object: “Stop it…where did you learn that deplorable song?”

4) The Hit Parade of 1941 (1940, Republic); directed by John H. Auer

While Ropes's backstage novels are primarily concerned with theatrical show business--from Broadway to vaudeville to burlesque--his Hollywood films poke fun at other media technologies, including radio. In the 1940 MGM film Hullabaloo, for which Ropes conceived the idea with Val Burton, Frank Morgan flaunts his signature flim-flam: as a radio star who causes a national panic when he announces a Martian invasion a la "The War of the Worlds."

In 1937 and 1941, Ropes also engaged with radio in two of Republic's popular Hit Parade series, which showcased airwave crooners like Frances Langford and Kenny Baker (as Pat and David, the love interests here), as well as vaudeville stars and specialty acts. Filled with a delightful cast of zanies (Mary Boland, Patsy Kelly, Phil Silvers, Hugh Herbert, Sterling Holloway, and Franklin Pangborn among them), The Hit Parade of 1941 is the second Ropes film to anticipate Singin' in the Rain. Here, Ann Miller's aspiring diva Annabelle Potter, an ace dancer but a lackluster singer (unlike Miller herself), accepts Langford's lip-syncing aid after her imperious department store tycoon mother (Boland), the sponsor for WPX's "Trading Post of the Air," threatens to pull funding if Annabelle doesn't star in the show. Annabelle sings into a dead microphone as Pat unhappily croons in a hidden studio (complete with early television) offstage. But Pat's sister Judy (Kelly) reveals the woman behind the curtain, as Langford's voice pours out of Annabelle's turned-on mic. The Kathy Selden/Lina Lamont vibes are strong in a film that once again illustrates Ropes's inventiveness and savvy with show business satire. 

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    The World of Bradford Ropes

    This is the companion blog page for Maya Cantu's Greasepaint Puritan: Boston to 42nd Street in the Queer Backstage Novels of Bradford Ropes (published by the University of Michigan Press in January 2024)

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